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从句的基础概念
由一个主句和一个或一个以上从句构成的句子叫做复合句。所谓主句,就是在复合句中起统领作用的句子,它是全句的主体,通常可以独立存在;而从句则是复合句的一个句子成分,不能独立存在。
如:You’ll feel better after you take the pills. 吃完药丸后你会感到好一些。
主句是You’ll feel better,从句是after you take the pills,由after引导,在整个复合句中用作状语,表示时间
注意,英语的复合句不是简单句的反面,不要将它误解为“复杂句”。事实上,英语的简单句有时也可以比较“复杂”,而复合句也可以比较“简单”。
如:He stopped because he was tired. 他停下来是因为他累了。
这个句子比较“简单”,却是一个典型的复合句,其中的he stopped是主句,because he was tired是从句,在复合句中用作状语,表示原因。
从句的分类
一般说来,一个从句在复合句充当什么成分我们就叫它为什么从句——从句在复合句用作主语,我们就叫它为主语从句;从句在复合句用作宾语,我们就叫它为宾语从句等。
如:
He answered that he knew nothing about it. 他回答说他不知情。
that 引导的从句在复合句中用作动词answered的宾语,因此为宾语从句。
The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦的是我把他的地址丢了。
be动词后做表语从句
He was rather pleased when he won that prize. 他获奖后相当高兴。
用状语表时间,也叫时间状语从句。
名词性从句
(一)主语从句(subject clause)
(二)宾语从句(object clause)
(三)表语从句(predicative clause)
定语从句
定语从句的简化规律
(一)改用“不定式”或“不定式短语”
如果定语从句的时态与主句的时态具有同时性(包括谓语有情态动词)或之后性,则可以用“关系代词或关系副词+不定式”来简化,或直接用“不定式”来修饰先行词。
例1:
We moved to the country so that the children would have a garden in which they could play in.我们搬到了乡下,好让孩子们有个花园在里面玩。
改为:
We moved to the country so that the children would have a garden in which to play.
或者:
We moved to the country so that the children would have a garden to play in.
(二)改用“介词短语”
介词短语替代定语从句有两种方式:(1)省略“关系副词+主语+be动词”,或“关系代词+be动词”;(2)根据从句的意思改编。
例1:
We have never forgotten the days (when we were) at college.
我们从来没有忘记在大学对书的日子。
例2:
I don’t know the person (who is) in your office.
在你办公司的那个人我不认识。
(三)改用“现在分词短语”和“过去分词短语”
例1:
Anyone touching that wire will get an electric stock.
任何人碰到那根电线就会触电。
= Anyone who touches that wire will get an electric stock.
例:
Charles and Sydney, looking (=who look)so much like each other, are often considered to be twins.
查尔斯和悉尼两个人的相貌非常相似,经常被人误解为双胞胎。
定语从句常考易错点
1)当先行词是
all,anything,everything,something,nothing等不定代词或先行词前有first,last,any,few,much,some,no,only以及形容词最高级修饰时,只能用关系代词that引导从句。
如:That is all that I've heard from him.
He's the first person that I'm going to interview this afternoon.
2)关系代词的省略
在从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略。关系代词紧跟介词,作介词宾语时不可用that,只可用which或whom引导从句,并且不可省略,但当介词位于宾语从句句末时,作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用that,也可省略。
如:
This is one of those things with which we have to put up.
This is one of those things (whichthat) we have to put up with.
3)引导定语从句的关系副词有when,where,why等。关系副词在从句中作状语,意义上相当于一个“介词+which”的结构。
如:
Even in comic books where(=in which) there are no words,the stories are fully expressed through the drawings.
No one knows the reason why(=for which) he was so angry that day.
状语从句
地点状语从句:引导地点状语从句的连词是where,wherever.
Wherever she went,she took her little daughter with her.
原因、结果和目的状语从句:
1)引导原因状语从句的从属连词有:because,as,since,now(that),seeing that,considering that,in that等。
Considering that he is a freshman,we must say he is doing well.
2)引导结果状语从句的连词有:so...that,such...that
,so that,that,so等。
Mickey Mouse is so attractive that the children are reluctant to leave.
3)引导目的状语从句的连词有:so that,in order that,for fear that,lest等,从句常使用may,might,can,could,would等情态动词。
We got up early this morning so that we could catch the first bus to the railway station.
条件和让步状语从句:
1)引导条件状语从句的连词和词组有if,unless,as(so) long as,on condition that,in case,provided(providing) that,supposing等。
As long as you have the right equipment,you can use a telephone line to transmit computer data.
2)引导让步状语从句的连词和词组有though,although,whether,even though,even if,no matter what(when,how...),whatever(whenever,wherever,however....)等。though,even if等引导状语从句可转换成含有as的部分倒装结构,具有强调意义。其结构为“形容词(副词、动词、名词)+as+主语+谓语”。
No matter what you may say,I would not change my mind.
Young as he is,he is quite experienced in this work.(=though he is young)
时间状语从句:
引导时间状语从句的从属连词和词组有:
1)when,whenever,while,as,after,before,since,till,until,once等。
We have learnt quite a lot about it since we came here.
2)as soon as,hardly(scarcely)...when,no sooner...than,each(every) time,the moment,immediately(that)等。
As soon as I sent an e-mail message,I received positive responses.
The moment he heard the good news,he jumped with joy.
从句的两大特点
1.从句引导词
英语中的从句有个特点,就是通常要用一个词来“引导”,这个词我们就称它为“引导词”。不同的从句往往需要不同的引导词来引导,即使同一个词可用于引导多种从句,那它的用法和意思有所相同,如when可用于引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句等,它的意思是“什么时候”。
如:
When he will come is still unknown. 他什么时候来还不知道。
The question is when he did it. 问题是他什么时候干了此事。
I don’t know when the meeting will start. 我不知道会议什么时候开始。
when还可以引导时间状语从句,它的意思是“当……的时候”。
英语中用于引导从句的引导词何时省略与何时保留是有规律的,要遵循英语习惯,不可随意省略,否则会导致语法错误。
2. 从句词序
英语中的从句,无论是主语从句还是宾语从句,是定语从句还是状语从句,它都总是使用陈述句词序,也就是采用“主语+谓语+其他成分”这样的词序。
但是,当一个从句由what, who, whose, when, where, why等这样的“疑问词”来引导时,有的人可能会在从句中误用疑问句词序,这是一个常见的错误。
如:
■他什么时候离开,现在还不知道。
误:When will he leave is not known yet.
正:When he will leave is not known yet.
析:when在此引导主语从句,要用陈述句词序,不能用疑问句词序。
■我记不起他是什么样子了。
误:I don’t remember what did he look like.
正:I don’t remember what he looked like.
析:what在此引导宾语从句,要用陈述句词序。
常考语法点“主将从现”
主将从现是一种出现在状语从句中的语法现象,多指在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,当主句是一般将来时态,则从句要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。
因为主将从现出现在状语从句中,在这里我们就以状语从句的几个类别为根据来列举主将从现的标志性词语。
时间状语从句
when, whenever, since, till, once, as soon as, while, as, before, after
如:I will be a math teacher when I grow up.
条件状语从句
if, unless, as(so)long as
如:If I have extra money, I will pay the bill for you.
原因状语从句
because, since, as, for, now that
如:The tutor will leave here now that you have no problems.
让步状语从句
though, although, even if, even though, however
如:Though you have advantages in this match, I will not give up.
目的状语从句
in order that, so that, that
如:In order that Lily can get the prize, we will have a planin detail.
在条件状语从句中,如果主语是一般将来时,从句要用一般现在时。
一个句子的中心意思体现在主句中,所以判断是否使用主将从现首先要做的是区分主从句。当找到主句,分析其时态为一般将来时或借助某些结构表达将来含义时,则从句使用一般现在时态。
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